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two photon microscope  (Thorlabs)

 
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    Structured Review

    Thorlabs two photon microscope
    a Schematic showing the genetic and viral intersectional strategy, targeting L5 IT neurons in Tlx3-Cre mice and ET neurons in Sim1-Cre mice. b Images from coronal sections from S1 of a Tlx3-Cre mouse (top) and Sim1-Cre mouse (bottom) injected with AAV-Flex-GFP, showing the injection site in S1 and labeled axons in the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), corpus callosum (CC), striatum (Str), and posterior medial thalamic nucleus (POm). <t>c</t> <t>Two-photon</t> calcium imaging from Tlx3-Cre and Sim1-Cre mice injected with AAV-Flex-jGCaMP8m in S1. Inset, example FOVs showing GCaMP-expressing IT neuronal dendrites in a Tlx3-Cre mouse (left) and ET dendrites in a Sim1-Cre mouse (right). d Heatmaps of IT neuronal responses to whisker stimuli (left, CS+; middle, CS−) and to water reward (right) in naïve mice ( n = 5 mice). ROIs in each heatmap are sorted by their mean response amplitudes within 1.5 s of stimulus or reward onset. e Left, pie-chart showing the fraction of IT neurons responding to each CS, and their average responses. Dashed line, stimulus onset and offset. Right, pie-chart showing the fraction of IT neurons responding to rewards, and their average responses. Dashed line, reward onset. f, g Same as ( d , e ) but for ET neurons ( n = 6 mice). h SVM decoder performance in classifying the CS identity (CS+ or CS−) based on IT neuronal responses (purple; n = 5 mice) or ET neuronal responses (orange; n = 6 mice; two-sided Student’s t -test). Data were presented as mean ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
    Two Photon Microscope, supplied by Thorlabs, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/two-photon+microscope/microscope+photon+two/pmc13004866-313-9-11
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    two photon microscope - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    86/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Distinct roles of cortical layer 5 subtypes in associative learning"

    Article Title: Distinct roles of cortical layer 5 subtypes in associative learning

    Journal: Nature Communications

    doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-68307-5

    a Schematic showing the genetic and viral intersectional strategy, targeting L5 IT neurons in Tlx3-Cre mice and ET neurons in Sim1-Cre mice. b Images from coronal sections from S1 of a Tlx3-Cre mouse (top) and Sim1-Cre mouse (bottom) injected with AAV-Flex-GFP, showing the injection site in S1 and labeled axons in the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), corpus callosum (CC), striatum (Str), and posterior medial thalamic nucleus (POm). c Two-photon calcium imaging from Tlx3-Cre and Sim1-Cre mice injected with AAV-Flex-jGCaMP8m in S1. Inset, example FOVs showing GCaMP-expressing IT neuronal dendrites in a Tlx3-Cre mouse (left) and ET dendrites in a Sim1-Cre mouse (right). d Heatmaps of IT neuronal responses to whisker stimuli (left, CS+; middle, CS−) and to water reward (right) in naïve mice ( n = 5 mice). ROIs in each heatmap are sorted by their mean response amplitudes within 1.5 s of stimulus or reward onset. e Left, pie-chart showing the fraction of IT neurons responding to each CS, and their average responses. Dashed line, stimulus onset and offset. Right, pie-chart showing the fraction of IT neurons responding to rewards, and their average responses. Dashed line, reward onset. f, g Same as ( d , e ) but for ET neurons ( n = 6 mice). h SVM decoder performance in classifying the CS identity (CS+ or CS−) based on IT neuronal responses (purple; n = 5 mice) or ET neuronal responses (orange; n = 6 mice; two-sided Student’s t -test). Data were presented as mean ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
    Figure Legend Snippet: a Schematic showing the genetic and viral intersectional strategy, targeting L5 IT neurons in Tlx3-Cre mice and ET neurons in Sim1-Cre mice. b Images from coronal sections from S1 of a Tlx3-Cre mouse (top) and Sim1-Cre mouse (bottom) injected with AAV-Flex-GFP, showing the injection site in S1 and labeled axons in the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), corpus callosum (CC), striatum (Str), and posterior medial thalamic nucleus (POm). c Two-photon calcium imaging from Tlx3-Cre and Sim1-Cre mice injected with AAV-Flex-jGCaMP8m in S1. Inset, example FOVs showing GCaMP-expressing IT neuronal dendrites in a Tlx3-Cre mouse (left) and ET dendrites in a Sim1-Cre mouse (right). d Heatmaps of IT neuronal responses to whisker stimuli (left, CS+; middle, CS−) and to water reward (right) in naïve mice ( n = 5 mice). ROIs in each heatmap are sorted by their mean response amplitudes within 1.5 s of stimulus or reward onset. e Left, pie-chart showing the fraction of IT neurons responding to each CS, and their average responses. Dashed line, stimulus onset and offset. Right, pie-chart showing the fraction of IT neurons responding to rewards, and their average responses. Dashed line, reward onset. f, g Same as ( d , e ) but for ET neurons ( n = 6 mice). h SVM decoder performance in classifying the CS identity (CS+ or CS−) based on IT neuronal responses (purple; n = 5 mice) or ET neuronal responses (orange; n = 6 mice; two-sided Student’s t -test). Data were presented as mean ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

    Techniques Used: Injection, Labeling, Imaging, Expressing, Whisker Assay

    Related Articles

    other:

    Article Title: A dendritic mechanism for balancing synaptic flexibility and stability.
    Article Snippet: Longitudinal spine tracking in deep cortical layers with two-photon microscopy Ultrasparse eGFP expression (1–2 cells per injection site) allowed us to visualize L5 PN dendritic spines 300–620 mm below the cortical surface with an optimized commercial two-photon microscope (Thorlabs Bergamo II Multiphoton).

    Article Title: Social state alters vision using three circuit mechanisms in Drosophila.
    Article Snippet: The imaging setup is identical to the previously described two-photon microscope (Thorlabs) setup24.


    Article Title: Social state alters vision using three circuit mechanisms in Drosophila
    Article Snippet: The imaging setup is identical to the previously described two-photon microscope (Thorlabs) setup .

    Article Title: Kinetic features dictate sensorimotor alignment in the superior colliculus.
    Article Snippet: Mice were imaged from one week after surgery with a two-photon microscope (Bergamo II, Thorlabs), equipped with a 16× 0.8 NA objective (Nikon).

    In Vivo:

    Article Title: Multiple Routes to Metacognitive Judgments of Working Memory in the Macaque Prefrontal Cortex
    Article Snippet: .. In vivo two-photon calcium imaging was performed using a Thorlabs two-photon microscope and a femtosecond laser (Chameleon Discovery, Coherent). .. A 16× objective lens (0.8 N.A., Nikon) was used to image a 700 μm × 700 μm area at 30 frames per second.

    Imaging:

    Article Title: Multiple Routes to Metacognitive Judgments of Working Memory in the Macaque Prefrontal Cortex
    Article Snippet: .. In vivo two-photon calcium imaging was performed using a Thorlabs two-photon microscope and a femtosecond laser (Chameleon Discovery, Coherent). .. A 16× objective lens (0.8 N.A., Nikon) was used to image a 700 μm × 700 μm area at 30 frames per second.

    Microscopy:

    Article Title: Multiple Routes to Metacognitive Judgments of Working Memory in the Macaque Prefrontal Cortex
    Article Snippet: .. In vivo two-photon calcium imaging was performed using a Thorlabs two-photon microscope and a femtosecond laser (Chameleon Discovery, Coherent). .. A 16× objective lens (0.8 N.A., Nikon) was used to image a 700 μm × 700 μm area at 30 frames per second.

    Article Title: Adaptation shapes the representational geometry in mouse V1 to efficiently encode the environment
    Article Snippet: .. We used a commercial two-photon microscope with a resonant-galvo scanhead (B-scope, ThorLabs, Ely UK) controlled by ScanImage , with an acquisition frame rate of about 30Hz (at 512 by 512 pixels, corresponding to a rate of 4.28-7.5 Hz per plane), which was later interpolated to a frequency of 20 Hz, common to all planes. ..

    Article Title: Two-photon optogenetics-based assessment of neuronal connectivity in healthy and chronic hypoperfusion mice
    Article Snippet: Before the optical stimulation experiment on each mouse, fluorescent microscope slides (Thorlabs) were used to verify that the 1064 nm laser accurately irradiated the target cell. .. The two-photon microscope was controlled by the ThorImage software (Thorlabs). ..

    Software:

    Article Title: Two-photon optogenetics-based assessment of neuronal connectivity in healthy and chronic hypoperfusion mice
    Article Snippet: Before the optical stimulation experiment on each mouse, fluorescent microscope slides (Thorlabs) were used to verify that the 1064 nm laser accurately irradiated the target cell. .. The two-photon microscope was controlled by the ThorImage software (Thorlabs). ..



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    (A) Graphical design of the visual cliff task with measurements. Animals were placed on a platform (3 cm height) in the middle of the open field (left). Percentage of descents from the cliff side per mouse (5 trials per mouse) between WT and Cdkl5 KO mice (right). WT: n=16 mice, Cdkl5 KO: n=16 mice. Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). (B) Head-fixed wildtype control (WT) mice and Cdkl5 KO were presented, either to one eye or both eyes, with visual stimuli of different directional grating patterns. In the binocular visual cortex (bV1), calcium signal in layer 2/3 (L2/3) neurons were live-imaged <t>with</t> <t>two-photon</t> laser microscopy. (C) Field of views (FOVs) showing grating and natural scene responsive neurons in WT (left) and Cdkl5 KO (right) mice. Scale bar, 20 μm. 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    (A) Graphical design of the visual cliff task with measurements. Animals were placed on a platform (3 cm height) in the middle of the open field (left). Percentage of descents from the cliff side per mouse (5 trials per mouse) between WT and Cdkl5 KO mice (right). WT: n=16 mice, Cdkl5 KO: n=16 mice. Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). (B) Head-fixed wildtype control (WT) mice and Cdkl5 KO were presented, either to one eye or both eyes, with visual stimuli of different directional grating patterns. In the binocular visual cortex (bV1), calcium signal in layer 2/3 (L2/3) neurons were live-imaged <t>with</t> <t>two-photon</t> laser microscopy. (C) Field of views (FOVs) showing grating and natural scene responsive neurons in WT (left) and Cdkl5 KO (right) mice. Scale bar, 20 μm. 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    two photon microscope  (Thorlabs)
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    a Schematic showing the genetic and viral intersectional strategy, targeting L5 IT neurons in Tlx3-Cre mice and ET neurons in Sim1-Cre mice. b Images from coronal sections from S1 of a Tlx3-Cre mouse (top) and Sim1-Cre mouse (bottom) injected with AAV-Flex-GFP, showing the injection site in S1 and labeled axons in the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), corpus callosum (CC), striatum (Str), and posterior medial thalamic nucleus (POm). <t>c</t> <t>Two-photon</t> calcium imaging from Tlx3-Cre and Sim1-Cre mice injected with AAV-Flex-jGCaMP8m in S1. Inset, example FOVs showing GCaMP-expressing IT neuronal dendrites in a Tlx3-Cre mouse (left) and ET dendrites in a Sim1-Cre mouse (right). d Heatmaps of IT neuronal responses to whisker stimuli (left, CS+; middle, CS−) and to water reward (right) in naïve mice ( n = 5 mice). ROIs in each heatmap are sorted by their mean response amplitudes within 1.5 s of stimulus or reward onset. e Left, pie-chart showing the fraction of IT neurons responding to each CS, and their average responses. Dashed line, stimulus onset and offset. Right, pie-chart showing the fraction of IT neurons responding to rewards, and their average responses. Dashed line, reward onset. f, g Same as ( d , e ) but for ET neurons ( n = 6 mice). h SVM decoder performance in classifying the CS identity (CS+ or CS−) based on IT neuronal responses (purple; n = 5 mice) or ET neuronal responses (orange; n = 6 mice; two-sided Student’s t -test). Data were presented as mean ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
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    Image Search Results


    Example two-photon imaging showing Ca 2+ activity in perivascular and non-perivascular meningeal macrophages. Scale bar: 50 μm.

    Journal: eLife

    Article Title: Intravital calcium imaging of meningeal macrophages reveals niche-specific dynamics and aberrant responses to brain hyperexcitability

    doi: 10.7554/eLife.109888

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Example two-photon imaging showing Ca 2+ activity in perivascular and non-perivascular meningeal macrophages. Scale bar: 50 μm.

    Article Snippet: We used a two-photon microscope (Neurolabware) with a Nikon 16X, 0.8 N.A. objective to acquire images at 15.5 Hz with 4X digital zoom (312 × 212 μm 2 FOV).

    Techniques:

    Example two-photon imaging of meningeal macrophage Ca 2+ activity at baseline, during, and following CSD. The arrow indicates a macrophage showing an acute Ca 2+ elevation, the arrowhead depicts a delayed and persistent Ca 2+ elevation, and the asterisk, a macrophage showing a persistent decreased Ca 2+ activity. Scale bar: 50 μm.

    Journal: eLife

    Article Title: Intravital calcium imaging of meningeal macrophages reveals niche-specific dynamics and aberrant responses to brain hyperexcitability

    doi: 10.7554/eLife.109888

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Example two-photon imaging of meningeal macrophage Ca 2+ activity at baseline, during, and following CSD. The arrow indicates a macrophage showing an acute Ca 2+ elevation, the arrowhead depicts a delayed and persistent Ca 2+ elevation, and the asterisk, a macrophage showing a persistent decreased Ca 2+ activity. Scale bar: 50 μm.

    Article Snippet: We used a two-photon microscope (Neurolabware) with a Nikon 16X, 0.8 N.A. objective to acquire images at 15.5 Hz with 4X digital zoom (312 × 212 μm 2 FOV).

    Techniques:

    ( A ) Pf4-Cre:Ai162, GCaMP6s reporter mouse construct for imaging meningeal macrophages Ca 2+ activity. ( B ) Experimental procedure for two-photon imaging of meningeal macrophage Ca 2+ activity. Following the implantation of a headpost and a cranial window, mice were habituated to head restraint and subjected to two-photon microscopy while head-fixed on a running wheel to study meningeal macrophage Ca 2+ activity. ( C ) Macrophage Ca 2+ imaging processing pipeline.

    Journal: eLife

    Article Title: Intravital calcium imaging of meningeal macrophages reveals niche-specific dynamics and aberrant responses to brain hyperexcitability

    doi: 10.7554/eLife.109888

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Pf4-Cre:Ai162, GCaMP6s reporter mouse construct for imaging meningeal macrophages Ca 2+ activity. ( B ) Experimental procedure for two-photon imaging of meningeal macrophage Ca 2+ activity. Following the implantation of a headpost and a cranial window, mice were habituated to head restraint and subjected to two-photon microscopy while head-fixed on a running wheel to study meningeal macrophage Ca 2+ activity. ( C ) Macrophage Ca 2+ imaging processing pipeline.

    Article Snippet: We used a two-photon microscope (Neurolabware) with a Nikon 16X, 0.8 N.A. objective to acquire images at 15.5 Hz with 4X digital zoom (312 × 212 μm 2 FOV).

    Techniques: Construct, Imaging, Activity Assay, Microscopy

    (A) Graphical design of the visual cliff task with measurements. Animals were placed on a platform (3 cm height) in the middle of the open field (left). Percentage of descents from the cliff side per mouse (5 trials per mouse) between WT and Cdkl5 KO mice (right). WT: n=16 mice, Cdkl5 KO: n=16 mice. Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). (B) Head-fixed wildtype control (WT) mice and Cdkl5 KO were presented, either to one eye or both eyes, with visual stimuli of different directional grating patterns. In the binocular visual cortex (bV1), calcium signal in layer 2/3 (L2/3) neurons were live-imaged with two-photon laser microscopy. (C) Field of views (FOVs) showing grating and natural scene responsive neurons in WT (left) and Cdkl5 KO (right) mice. Scale bar, 20 μm. (D) Traces showing grating responsive neurons in WT and Cdkl5 KO mice across 3 viewing conditions, which are binocular (Binoc), contralateral (Contra) and ipsilateral (Ipsi) viewing relatively to the brain hemisphere imaged. Yellow regions indicate grating presentation periods. Gray lines represent the Z-score from all trials and the colored lines show trial average. (E) Boxplots showing the orientation selective index (OSI) of Cdkl5 KO mice were reduced across Binoc, Contra and Ipsi conditions under grating (s.f. 0.08cpd). Binoc OSI: 870 neurons from 6 WT and 698 neurons from 6 Cdkl5 KO mice. Contra OSI: 794 neurons from 6 WT and 693 neurons from 6 Cdkl5 KO. Ipsi OSI: 629 neurons from 6 WT and 476 neurons from 6 Cdkl5 KO. The centerlines represent median values, and the whiskers connect the nonoutlier minimum and maximum values to 0.25 and 0.75 quartiles respectively. Outliers are values greater than 1.5 interquartile range away from the quartiles. Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). (F) Scatter plots comparing OSI and correlation of grating (s.f. 0.08cpd) responsive neurons in WT mice and Cdkl5 KO mice. Color bar shows the correlation between tuning curves. 301 neurons from 6 WT and 211 neurons from 6 Cdkl5 KO. Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). (G) Boxplots showing fraction of neurons per FOV within the blue region (OSI > 0.5) and red region (OSI < 0.5) from E. 26 FOV from 6 WT mice and 21 FOV from 6 Cdkl5 KO mice. Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). (H) Distribution of Contra and Ipsi eye correlation between WT and Cdkl5 KO under grating (s.f. 0.08cpd) stimuli. 301 neurons from 6 WT and 211 neurons from 6 Cdkl5 KO. Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). (I) Distribution of difference in preferred orientation between WT and Cdkl5 KO under grating (s.f. 0.08cpd) stimuli. 301 neurons from 6 WT and 211 neurons from 6 Cdkl5 KO. Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). (J) Traces showing natural scene responsive neurons in WT and Cdkl5 KO mice across 3 viewing conditions. Pink regions indicate natural scene presentation periods. Gray lines represent the Z-score from all trials and the colored lines show trial average. (K) Distribution of contra and ipsi eye correlation between WT and Cdkl5 KO under natural scene stimuli. 529 neurons from 6 WT and 274 neurons from 6 Cdkl5 KO. Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). (L) Mice were virally injected to express GCaMP6f (Ctrl), GCaMP6f and nELAVL (WT), GCaMP6f and nELAVL-SE (SE) or GCaMP6f and nELAVL-SA (SA). Head-fixed mice were presented, either to one eye or both eyes, with visual stimuli of different directional grating patterns and natural scene. In the binocular visual cortex (bV1), calcium signal in layer 2/3 (L2/3) neurons were live-imaged with two-photon laser microscopy. (M) Boxplots showing OSI were reduced in WT, SE and SA mice across Binoc, Contra and Ipsi conditions under grating (s.f. 0.08cpd). Binoc OSI: 870 neurons from 6 Ctrl, 670 neurons from 5 WT injected, 532 neurons from 4 SE injected and 782 neurons from 5 SA injected mice. Contra OSI: 794 neurons from 6 Ctrl, 715 neurons from 5 WT injected, 500 neurons from 4 SE injected and 852 neurons from 5 SA injected mice. Ipsi OSI: 629 neurons from 6 Ctrl, 574 neurons from 5 WT injected, 384 neurons from 4 SE injected and 613 neurons from 5 SA injected mice. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (N) Boxplots showing Contra and Ipsi correlation under grating (s.f. 0.08cpd) stimuli in Ctrl, WT injected, SE injected and SA injected mice. 301 neurons from 6 Ctrl, 253 neurons from 5 WT injected, 159 neurons from 4 SE injected and 275 neurons from 5 SA injected mice. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (O) Boxplots showing difference in preferred orientation under grating (s.f. 0.08cpd) stimuli in Ctrl, WT injected, SE injected and SA injected mice. 301 neurons from 6 Ctrl, 253 neurons from 5 WT injected, 159 neurons from 4 SE injected and 275 neurons from 5 SA injected mice. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (P) Boxplots showing Contra and Ipsi correlation under natural scene stimuli in Ctrl, WT injected, SE injected and SA injected mice. 529 neurons from 6 Ctrl, 185 neurons from 5 WT injected, 428 neurons from 4 SE injected and 443 neurons from 5 SA injected mice. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001. **** p < 0.0001.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: nELAVL phosphorylation by CDKL5 regulates inter-condensates composition and communication to promote experience-dependent maturation of the visual cortex

    doi: 10.64898/2026.04.03.716270

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Graphical design of the visual cliff task with measurements. Animals were placed on a platform (3 cm height) in the middle of the open field (left). Percentage of descents from the cliff side per mouse (5 trials per mouse) between WT and Cdkl5 KO mice (right). WT: n=16 mice, Cdkl5 KO: n=16 mice. Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). (B) Head-fixed wildtype control (WT) mice and Cdkl5 KO were presented, either to one eye or both eyes, with visual stimuli of different directional grating patterns. In the binocular visual cortex (bV1), calcium signal in layer 2/3 (L2/3) neurons were live-imaged with two-photon laser microscopy. (C) Field of views (FOVs) showing grating and natural scene responsive neurons in WT (left) and Cdkl5 KO (right) mice. Scale bar, 20 μm. (D) Traces showing grating responsive neurons in WT and Cdkl5 KO mice across 3 viewing conditions, which are binocular (Binoc), contralateral (Contra) and ipsilateral (Ipsi) viewing relatively to the brain hemisphere imaged. Yellow regions indicate grating presentation periods. Gray lines represent the Z-score from all trials and the colored lines show trial average. (E) Boxplots showing the orientation selective index (OSI) of Cdkl5 KO mice were reduced across Binoc, Contra and Ipsi conditions under grating (s.f. 0.08cpd). Binoc OSI: 870 neurons from 6 WT and 698 neurons from 6 Cdkl5 KO mice. Contra OSI: 794 neurons from 6 WT and 693 neurons from 6 Cdkl5 KO. Ipsi OSI: 629 neurons from 6 WT and 476 neurons from 6 Cdkl5 KO. The centerlines represent median values, and the whiskers connect the nonoutlier minimum and maximum values to 0.25 and 0.75 quartiles respectively. Outliers are values greater than 1.5 interquartile range away from the quartiles. Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). (F) Scatter plots comparing OSI and correlation of grating (s.f. 0.08cpd) responsive neurons in WT mice and Cdkl5 KO mice. Color bar shows the correlation between tuning curves. 301 neurons from 6 WT and 211 neurons from 6 Cdkl5 KO. Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). (G) Boxplots showing fraction of neurons per FOV within the blue region (OSI > 0.5) and red region (OSI < 0.5) from E. 26 FOV from 6 WT mice and 21 FOV from 6 Cdkl5 KO mice. Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). (H) Distribution of Contra and Ipsi eye correlation between WT and Cdkl5 KO under grating (s.f. 0.08cpd) stimuli. 301 neurons from 6 WT and 211 neurons from 6 Cdkl5 KO. Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). (I) Distribution of difference in preferred orientation between WT and Cdkl5 KO under grating (s.f. 0.08cpd) stimuli. 301 neurons from 6 WT and 211 neurons from 6 Cdkl5 KO. Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). (J) Traces showing natural scene responsive neurons in WT and Cdkl5 KO mice across 3 viewing conditions. Pink regions indicate natural scene presentation periods. Gray lines represent the Z-score from all trials and the colored lines show trial average. (K) Distribution of contra and ipsi eye correlation between WT and Cdkl5 KO under natural scene stimuli. 529 neurons from 6 WT and 274 neurons from 6 Cdkl5 KO. Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). (L) Mice were virally injected to express GCaMP6f (Ctrl), GCaMP6f and nELAVL (WT), GCaMP6f and nELAVL-SE (SE) or GCaMP6f and nELAVL-SA (SA). Head-fixed mice were presented, either to one eye or both eyes, with visual stimuli of different directional grating patterns and natural scene. In the binocular visual cortex (bV1), calcium signal in layer 2/3 (L2/3) neurons were live-imaged with two-photon laser microscopy. (M) Boxplots showing OSI were reduced in WT, SE and SA mice across Binoc, Contra and Ipsi conditions under grating (s.f. 0.08cpd). Binoc OSI: 870 neurons from 6 Ctrl, 670 neurons from 5 WT injected, 532 neurons from 4 SE injected and 782 neurons from 5 SA injected mice. Contra OSI: 794 neurons from 6 Ctrl, 715 neurons from 5 WT injected, 500 neurons from 4 SE injected and 852 neurons from 5 SA injected mice. Ipsi OSI: 629 neurons from 6 Ctrl, 574 neurons from 5 WT injected, 384 neurons from 4 SE injected and 613 neurons from 5 SA injected mice. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (N) Boxplots showing Contra and Ipsi correlation under grating (s.f. 0.08cpd) stimuli in Ctrl, WT injected, SE injected and SA injected mice. 301 neurons from 6 Ctrl, 253 neurons from 5 WT injected, 159 neurons from 4 SE injected and 275 neurons from 5 SA injected mice. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (O) Boxplots showing difference in preferred orientation under grating (s.f. 0.08cpd) stimuli in Ctrl, WT injected, SE injected and SA injected mice. 301 neurons from 6 Ctrl, 253 neurons from 5 WT injected, 159 neurons from 4 SE injected and 275 neurons from 5 SA injected mice. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (P) Boxplots showing Contra and Ipsi correlation under natural scene stimuli in Ctrl, WT injected, SE injected and SA injected mice. 529 neurons from 6 Ctrl, 185 neurons from 5 WT injected, 428 neurons from 4 SE injected and 443 neurons from 5 SA injected mice. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001. **** p < 0.0001.

    Article Snippet: Mice were head-fixed, and the left V1 was imaged by a two-photon microscope (Scientifica, U.K.) with a resonant scanning module controlled by ScanImage built-in Matlab software.

    Techniques: MANN-WHITNEY, Two Tailed Test, Control, Microscopy, Injection

    a Schematic showing the genetic and viral intersectional strategy, targeting L5 IT neurons in Tlx3-Cre mice and ET neurons in Sim1-Cre mice. b Images from coronal sections from S1 of a Tlx3-Cre mouse (top) and Sim1-Cre mouse (bottom) injected with AAV-Flex-GFP, showing the injection site in S1 and labeled axons in the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), corpus callosum (CC), striatum (Str), and posterior medial thalamic nucleus (POm). c Two-photon calcium imaging from Tlx3-Cre and Sim1-Cre mice injected with AAV-Flex-jGCaMP8m in S1. Inset, example FOVs showing GCaMP-expressing IT neuronal dendrites in a Tlx3-Cre mouse (left) and ET dendrites in a Sim1-Cre mouse (right). d Heatmaps of IT neuronal responses to whisker stimuli (left, CS+; middle, CS−) and to water reward (right) in naïve mice ( n = 5 mice). ROIs in each heatmap are sorted by their mean response amplitudes within 1.5 s of stimulus or reward onset. e Left, pie-chart showing the fraction of IT neurons responding to each CS, and their average responses. Dashed line, stimulus onset and offset. Right, pie-chart showing the fraction of IT neurons responding to rewards, and their average responses. Dashed line, reward onset. f, g Same as ( d , e ) but for ET neurons ( n = 6 mice). h SVM decoder performance in classifying the CS identity (CS+ or CS−) based on IT neuronal responses (purple; n = 5 mice) or ET neuronal responses (orange; n = 6 mice; two-sided Student’s t -test). Data were presented as mean ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

    Journal: Nature Communications

    Article Title: Distinct roles of cortical layer 5 subtypes in associative learning

    doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-68307-5

    Figure Lengend Snippet: a Schematic showing the genetic and viral intersectional strategy, targeting L5 IT neurons in Tlx3-Cre mice and ET neurons in Sim1-Cre mice. b Images from coronal sections from S1 of a Tlx3-Cre mouse (top) and Sim1-Cre mouse (bottom) injected with AAV-Flex-GFP, showing the injection site in S1 and labeled axons in the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), corpus callosum (CC), striatum (Str), and posterior medial thalamic nucleus (POm). c Two-photon calcium imaging from Tlx3-Cre and Sim1-Cre mice injected with AAV-Flex-jGCaMP8m in S1. Inset, example FOVs showing GCaMP-expressing IT neuronal dendrites in a Tlx3-Cre mouse (left) and ET dendrites in a Sim1-Cre mouse (right). d Heatmaps of IT neuronal responses to whisker stimuli (left, CS+; middle, CS−) and to water reward (right) in naïve mice ( n = 5 mice). ROIs in each heatmap are sorted by their mean response amplitudes within 1.5 s of stimulus or reward onset. e Left, pie-chart showing the fraction of IT neurons responding to each CS, and their average responses. Dashed line, stimulus onset and offset. Right, pie-chart showing the fraction of IT neurons responding to rewards, and their average responses. Dashed line, reward onset. f, g Same as ( d , e ) but for ET neurons ( n = 6 mice). h SVM decoder performance in classifying the CS identity (CS+ or CS−) based on IT neuronal responses (purple; n = 5 mice) or ET neuronal responses (orange; n = 6 mice; two-sided Student’s t -test). Data were presented as mean ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

    Article Snippet: Imaging from behaving mice was performed with a resonant-scanning two-photon microscope (Thorlabs) equipped with GaAsP photomultiplier tubes (Hamamatsu). jGCaMP8m was excited at 940 nm with a Ti:Sapphire laser (Mai Tai eHP DeepSee, Spectra-Physics) and imaged through a 16×, 0.8 NA water-immersion objective (Nikon).

    Techniques: Injection, Labeling, Imaging, Expressing, Whisker Assay